The Signs and Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis

If you’re reading this, you might be seeking to understand more about multiple sclerosis (MS), whether for yourself or someone you care about. MS is a chronic, often unpredictable neurological disease that affects the central nervous system, disrupting the flow of information within the brain and between the brain and body. 

What Is Multiple Sclerosis?

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers nerve fibers, causing communication problems between your brain and the rest of your body. Eventually, the disease can cause permanent damage to or deterioration of the nerves. (Source)

The Types of Multiple Sclerosis

There are several types or stages of MS:

1. relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS): This is the most common form, characterized by relapses of symptoms followed by periods of partial or complete recovery.
2. primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS): This type shows gradual progression of disability without clear relapses (disease flare-ups) or remissions.
3. secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS): After an initial period of RRMS, this type transitions into a steadily worsening disease.
4. progressive-relapsing multiple sclerosis (PRMS): A rare form of MS characterized by a steadily worsening disease from the beginning, but with acute relapses.

(Source)

Who Is Affected by Multiple Sclerosis?

Multiple sclerosis can affect anyone, but it is most commonly diagnosed in individuals between the ages of 20 and 40. Women are about 3 times more likely than men to develop MS. In addition to gender, risk factors include genetic predisposition, certain infections, race, climate, and possibly even smoking. However, it’s essential to remember that MS can affect anyone, regardless of gender or age. (Source, Source)

Why You Should Know the Signs and Symptoms of MS

Recognizing the signs and symptoms of MS is crucial for several reasons. Early detection can lead to early treatment, which might help manage the disease more effectively and slow its progression. Understanding the symptoms can also help individuals make informed decisions about their health and lifestyle, leading to better overall management of the condition.

Warning Signs and Common Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis

Understanding the signs and symptoms of MS is a crucial step in managing the condition effectively. Let’s explore the different ways MS may affect the body. 

1. Neurological Impairments

MS primarily affects the nervous system, leading to a range of neurological impairments that may affect the ability to move, feel, or see. 

Motor Symptoms

• muscle weakness: One of the most common symptoms, muscle weakness can occur in any part of the body, affecting mobility and daily activities.
• spasticity: This refers to feelings of stiffness and tightness of the muscles. Severe spasticity can cause involuntary muscle spasms, particularly in the legs. 
• difficulties with coordination and balance: Many individuals experience tremors, unsteady gait, and a lack of coordination, often leading to difficulties in walking or standing. 

(Source)

Sensory Symptoms

• numbness and tingling: Often described as a “pins and needles” sensation, numbness typically affects the face, body, arms, and legs.
• pain: This can be acute or chronic, manifesting as burning or stabbing and affecting various body parts. Some people may also experience a squeezing sensation around the torso — this is known as an “MS hug.” 
• other abnormal sensations: Sensations of itching, burning, or “electric shock” feelings, especially with neck movement, are not uncommon.

(Source, Source)

Visual Symptoms

• blurred vision: Partial or complete loss of vision, usually in one eye at a time, often accompanied by pain during eye movement.
• double vision: Also known as diplopia, this symptom can make daily tasks challenging and disorienting. 
• optic neuritis: An inflammation of the optic nerve that can cause temporary vision loss and discomfort.

(Source, Source)

Bowel and Bladder Dysfunction

• frequency and urgency: A need to urinate suddenly or more often can be a sign of MS.
• incontinence: This is the inability to control urination. MS may disrupt the nerve signals that control the bladder and the movement of urine in the body. 
• constipation: This is one of the most common bowel issues in MS due to the disruption of signals between the brain and colon. 

(Source)

Cognitive and Emotional Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis

The influence of multiple sclerosis goes beyond physical symptoms — it can also affect cognitive functions and emotional health. 

Cognitive Impairments

Cognitive changes in MS can be subtle or more pronounced, affecting various aspects of mental function.

• memory problems: Individuals might have trouble remembering information and may misplace items or forget appointments. Short-term memory is typically more affected than long-term memory.
• decreased concentration: Many report a reduced attention span, easily get distracted, or find it hard to focus on tasks at hand.
• judgment issues and slowed thinking: Making decisions can become more challenging, and thought processes may slow down, affecting problem-solving abilities and reaction times.

(Source, Source)

Emotional Changes

MS can also take a toll on emotional well-being, with many facing psychological symptoms that can be as debilitating as physical ones.

• depression: An estimated 40%–60% of individuals with MS experience depression at some point in their lives. This might be due to the stress of living with a chronic illness, as well as the direct effects of MS on brain function. 
• mood swings and irritability: Some people may notice sudden changes in mood or increased irritability, which can strain personal relationships.
• other psychological symptoms: Anxiety, stress, and even episodes of uncontrollable laughing or crying (known as pseudobulbar affect) can occur. 

(Source, Source) 

Other Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis

The fatigue-related symptoms of MS are not just about feeling tired or unsteady; they are about the body’s response to the neurological changes occurring within.

Fatigue

One of the most common symptoms reported by individuals with MS is fatigue. Different from ordinary tiredness, MS-related fatigue is an overwhelming sense of exhaustion that can occur suddenly and is not necessarily related to recent physical activity. 

• pervasive tiredness: This fatigue can pervade all aspects of life, affecting physical, cognitive, and emotional capacities.
• heat sensitivity: Many individuals report that heat exacerbates their fatigue, making warm environments particularly challenging.

(Source, Source)

Less Common Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis

While the more prevalent symptoms of multiple sclerosis such as fatigue, muscle weakness, and cognitive changes are often discussed, it’s equally important to shine a light on the less common symptoms. These less common symptoms might sometimes be overlooked or attributed to other conditions.

Seizures

Seizures are relatively rare in MS but can occur due to scarring in certain areas of the brain. They can manifest in various forms, from subtle loss of awareness to full convulsive seizures. Because seizures are associated with many other neurological conditions, they might not be immediately linked to MS. (Source)

Hearing Problems

Difficulty hearing, distorted sound, increased sensitivity to noise, tinnitus, and in some cases, hearing loss can occur when the auditory nerve pathways have been damaged. It might be sudden or gradual and can significantly affect communication and quality of life. (Source, Source)

Slurred Speech

Dysarthria, or slurred speech, occurs when MS lesions affect the nerves controlling the muscles used in speech. This can lead to slow, difficult to understand, or poorly articulated speech. While not as common as other symptoms, it can be a significant barrier to communication and social interaction. (Source, Source) 

Swallowing Difficulties

Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, can occur in MS due to the nerves controlling the muscles involved in swallowing being affected. This can lead to coughing or choking while eating or drinking, feeling as if food is stuck in the throat, or problems chewing food. If left unchecked, swallowing difficulties may lead to aspiration (when food goes down the wrong way into the windpipe towards the lungs), dehydration, or malnutrition. (Source, Source) 

Dispelling Myths About Multiple Sclerosis

As with many other conditions, it’s not uncommon to encounter myths and misconceptions about multiple sclerosis. These can create confusion and might lead to misunderstandings or delays in seeking appropriate care. Let’s address and dispel some of the most common myths about MS. 

Myth: MS Is the Same for Everyone

Truth: MS manifests differently in each individual. While there are common symptoms, the type, severity, and progression of symptoms can vary widely. Some might experience mild symptoms, while others may have more severe challenges. This variability is one of the reasons why personalized treatment plans are crucial in MS care. (Source, Source)

Myth: If You Have MS, You Will Definitely End up in a Wheelchair

Truth: Not everyone with MS will need to use a wheelchair. Advances in treatments and comprehensive care strategies have improved the outlook for many with MS, allowing them to maintain mobility and independence for longer periods. While some may experience significant mobility challenges, it’s not a definitive outcome for everyone with the disease. (Source, Source)

Myth: MS Only Affects Physical Abilities

Truth: MS can affect more than just physical abilities; it can also impact cognitive functions and emotional health. Symptoms such as memory problems, mood swings, and depression are as important to manage as the physical symptoms. Recognizing the full spectrum of MS symptoms ensures a more holistic approach to care and can help you live a more vibrant life. (Source, Source)

How WellTheory Can Help: Navigating Multiple Sclerosis Together

Living with multiple sclerosis can be a challenging and often unpredictable journey, but you don’t have to navigate it alone. WellTheory is here to provide support, guidance, and care tailored to your unique needs and health goals.

Personalized Care Plans

At WellTheory, we understand that MS affects everyone differently. That’s why we offer personalized care plans designed to fit your specific health needs. Our team of experts will work with you to understand your symptoms, lifestyle, and goals. We’ll then craft a care plan that addresses your needs, whether it’s managing fatigue, improving energy levels, or implementing new lifestyle habits. Our approach is flexible, allowing your care plan to evolve over time as your needs change.

Holistic Lifestyle Support

WellTheory embraces a holistic approach to care, recognizing the importance of addressing your overall well-being. We’ll provide guidance on nutrition, movement, stress management, and sleep — all of which can play crucial roles in managing MS symptoms and improving your quality of life. Our goal is to empower you with the knowledge and tools you need to make informed decisions about your health and well-being.

Empowering Education and Community

Knowledge is power, especially when it comes to managing a chronic condition like MS. WellTheory offers a wealth of educational resources to help you understand your condition and make informed decisions about your care. From the latest research updates to practical tips for daily living, our resources are designed to empower you. We also understand the importance of community support. WellTheory connects you with others who are navigating similar journeys, providing a space for shared experiences, encouragement, and understanding. 

The Bottom Line

Understanding your condition, recognizing the signs and symptoms, and seeking timely care can significantly improve your quality of life. Multiple sclerosis is a journey, but with the right tools, support, and information, it’s a journey you don't have to make alone. At WellTheory, we know the intricacies of living with an autoimmune condition like MS. We’re committed to providing you with comprehensive, empathetic, and evidence-based care.